Factores asociados al inicio de las relaciones sexuales en los adolescentes de los centros educativos de Cushcanday-Agallpampa y San Isidro-Otuzco, en el año 2021-2022

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados al inicio de las actividades sexuales en adolescentes de los centros educativos de Cushcanday-Agallpampa y San Isidro-Otuzco. Material y métodos: Entre septiembre de 2021 y marzo de 2022, se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico transversal en 265 escolares del nivel secundario de los centros educativos de Cushcanday-Agallpampa y San Isidro-Otuzco que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión aplicando como instrumento la encuesta sobre sexualidad. Resultados: 129 hombres y 126 mujeres. Con una edad media de 15.41 años. Con un 11% que ha iniciado su vida sexual. El factor de riesgo asociado de mayor peso para el inicio de la vida sexual es la nomofobia con un OR de 22.55 (IC = 5.24 - 96.97), seguido del analfabetismo, con un OR de 6.41 (IC = 1.22 - 6.74). La visita de páginas web sin contenido erótico es un factor protector para la coitarquia. Conclusiones: 1 de cada 10 adolescentes de la zona rural Cushcanday-Agallpampa y San Isidro-Otuzco-La Libertad ha iniciado su vida sexual. La nomofobia moderada en la adolescencia incrementa 22 veces el riesgo de tener relaciones sexuales. Los hijos de padres analfabeto tienen 6.41 veces mayor probabilidad de iniciar las relaciones sexuales en la adolescencia.

Objective: To determine the factors associated with the beginning of sexual activities in adolescents from the educational centers of Cushcanday-Agallpampa and San Isidro-Otuzco. Material and methods: Between September 2021 and March 2022, an observational, cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in 265 secondary school students from the educational centers of CushcandayAgallpampa and San Isidro-Otuzco who met the inclusion criteria applying as an instrument the sexuality survey. Results: 129 men and 126 women with an average age of 15.41 years. With 11% who have started their sexual life. The risk factor associated with the greatest weight for the beginning of sexual life is nomophobia with an OR of 22.55 (CI = 5.24 - 96.97), followed by illiteracy, with an OR of 6.41 (CI = 1.22 - 6.74). Visiting web pages without erotic content is a protective factor for coitarche. Conclusions: 1 out of every 10 adolescents in the rural area Cushcanday-Agallpampa and San Isidro-Otuzco-La Libertad has started their sexual life. Moderate level nomophobia in adolescence increases the risk of having sexual intercourse by 22 times. Children of illiterate parents are 6.41 times more likely to start sexual relations in adolescence.

Encuentro del padre con su hijo con síndrome de Down: sufrimiento y empatía / Fathers' Encounters with their Children with Down Syndrome: Suffering and Empathy / Encontro do padre com seu filho com síndrome de Down: sofrimento e empatia

Resumen Objetivo. Comprender la experiencia de crianza de niños con síndrome de Down (SD), desde la perspectiva del padre. Método. Investigación cualitativa histórica hermenéutica en la que participaron 20 padres, con edades comprendidas entre los 32 y los 60 años, de niños con SD. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales a padres de niños con SD que asistían a un programa de apoyo del Departamento de Pediatría y Puericultura de la Universidad de Antioquia. Se realizó un análisis categorial y una revisión documental, con el apoyo del programa Atlas.Ti. Resultados. Los participantes refirieron que el diagnóstico de la enfermedad fue una noticia inesperada que generó agobio y sufrimiento. El encuentro del padre con su hijo con SD estuvo colmado de incertidumbre y se constituyó como una sorpresa en la que experimentaron tristeza, duda e inseguridad. Los padres reconocieron la necesidad de mostrarse fuertes para apoyar a la madre. Conclusión. El padre de un niño con SD, independiente de su propio sufrimiento, asume una posición de fortaleza para acompañar a la madre en el proceso.

Abstract Objective. To understand the experience of raising children with Down syndrome (DS), from the perspective of the father. Method. A qualitative hermeneutical historical research design involving 20 parents, aged between 32 and 60 years of age with children with DS was employed. The parents of the children with DS from the the Department of Pediatrics and Child Care of the University of Antioquia program were interviewed in focus groups and with semi-structured interviews. The analysis was performed by categories and documentary review, with the support of the Atlas Ti program. Results. Participants reported that the diagnosis of the disease was unexpected, and generated a sense of being overwhelmed and suffering. The fathers' encounters with their children with DS was full of uncertainty and surprise; they experienced sadness, doubt and insecurity. The fathers recognized the need to be strong to support the mother. Conclusion. The father of a child with DS, independent of his own suffering, assumes a position of strength to accompany the mother in the process.

Resumo Escopo. Compreender a experiência para criar filhos com Síndrome de Down (SD), desde a perspectiva do pai. Metodologia. Pesquisa qualitativa de desenho histórico-hermenêutica na que participaram 20 pais, com idades compreendidas entre os 32 e os 62 anos de idade, de crianças com SD. Foram feitas entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupes focais com pais de crianças com SD que assistiram a um programa de apoio do Departamento de Pediatria e Puericultura da Universidade de Antioquia. Foi feita uma análise categorial e uma revisão documental, com o apoio do programa Atlas.Ti. Resultados. Os participantes referiram que o diagnostico da doença foi uma noticia inesperada que gerou opressão e sofrimento. O encontro do pai com seu filho com SD esteve colmado de incerteza e constituiu uma surpresa na que experimentaram tristeza, dúvida e inseguridade. Os pais reconheceram a necessidade de se-mostrar fortes para apoiar à mãe. Conclusão. O pai de uma criança com SD, independentemente do seu próprio sofrimento, assume uma posição de fortaleza para acompanhar à mãe no processo.

Atherogenic dyslipidemia in Latin America: prevalence, causes and treatment. Consensus / Dislipidemia aterogénica en Latinoamérica: prevalencia, causas y tratamiento. Un consenso

Abstract: Atherogenic dyslipidemia (DA) is a poorly recognized entity in the current clinical practice guidelines. Due to the frequent lipid alterations associated with this metabolic abnormality in Latin America (LA), we organized a group of experts that has adopted the name of Latin American Association for the study of Lipids (ALALIP), to generate a document for analyzing in LA the prevalence of the lipid profile related to this condition, and to offer practical recommendations for its optimal diagnosis and treatment. Methodology: It was is selected a group of regional experts and, using a modified Delphi methodology, we conducted a comprehensive literature review, with emphasis on studies or reviews that had implications for LA. Subsequently developed a series of key questions about the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the AD to be discussed by the group of experts. As a convention those recommendations that had 100% acceptance was consider unanimous; those with at least 80% as for consensus, and of disagreement, those with less than 80%. Results: Although there is no a global study on risk factors that has been made on the basis of a representative sample of the entire population of LA, the systematic analysis of the national health surveys and regional cohort studies based on local population sampling shows a consistent evidence of the high prevalence of the lipid abnormalities that define the AD. The prevalence of low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ranges from 34.1% (CESCAS I study) to 53.3% (LASO study), with different frequencies between men and women and the selected cut-off point. The prevalence of elevated triglycerides (TRG) varies from 25.5% (LASO study) to 31.2% (National Health Survey of Chile) being always more prevalent in men than in women. Only two studies report the prevalence of AD in LA: the National Health Survey of Mexico 2006 with an 18.3%, and a Venezuelan study that estimates the weighted prevalence of AD in 24.7%. There are multiple causes for these findings: an inadequate nutrition-characterized for high consumption of foods with a high caloric density and a high intake of cholesterol and trans fats-, a sedentary lifestyle, a high prevalence of obesity in the region, and possibly epigenetic changes that make our population more susceptible for having this abnormal lipid profile. Conclusions: Lipid abnormalities that define AD have a high prevalence in LA; the interaction between the style of living, the inheritance, and epigenetic changes possibly are its cause. Since they are considered as an important cause of residual cardiovascular risk, they must be diagnosed and treated actively as a secondary target after reaching the goal for low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). It is important to design a global study of risk factors in our region to let us know the true prevalence of AD and its causes, and to help us in the design of public policies adapted to our reality in a population and individual scale.

Resumen: La dislipidemia aterogénica (DA) es una entidad poco reconocida en las guías de práctica clínica actuales. Debido a las frecuentes alteraciones lipídicas asociadas a esta anomalía metabólica en América Latina (AL), hemos organizado un grupo de expertos que ha adoptado el nombre de Asociación Latinoamericana para el Estudio de Lípidos (ALALIP), para generar un documento en el que se analice la prevalencia en AL del perfil lipídico relacionado con esta afección y ofrecer recomendaciones prácticas para su óptimo diagnóstico y tratamiento. Metodología: Se seleccionó un grupo de expertos regionales y, utilizando una metodología Delphi modificada, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva, con énfasis en estudios o revisiones que tuvieran implicaciones para AL. Posteriormente se desarrolló una serie de preguntas clave sobre la epidemiología, la fisiopatología, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la DA, que fueron discutidas por el grupo de expertos. Como convención, las recomendaciones que tuvieron un 100% de aceptación fueron consideradas unánimes; aquellas con al menos el 80% como para el consenso, y de desacuerdo, aquellas con menos del 80%. Resultados: Aunque no existe un estudio global sobre los factores de riesgo que se haya realizado sobre la base de una muestra representativa de toda la población de AL, el análisis sistemático de las encuestas nacionales de salud y los estudios de cohortes regionales evidencian la alta prevalencia de las anormalidades lipídicas que definen la DA. La prevalencia de niveles bajos de colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL-C) oscila entre el 34.1% (estudio CESCAS I) y el 53.3% (estudio LASO), con diferentes frecuencias entre hombres y mujeres y el punto de corte seleccionado. La prevalencia de triglicéridos elevados (TRG) varía de 25.5% (estudio LASO) a 31.2% (Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Chile) siendo siempre más prevalente en hombres que en mujeres. Sólo dos estudios informan la prevalencia de DA en AL: la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de México 2006 con un 18.3%, y un estudio venezolano que estima la prevalencia ponderada de la DA en 24.7%. Existen múltiples causas para estos hallazgos: una nutrición inadecuada -caracterizada por el alto consumo de alimentos con alta densidad calórica y un alto consumo de colesterol y grasas trans- un estilo de vida sedentario, una alta prevalencia de obesidad en la región y posiblemente cambios epigenéticos que hacen que nuestra población sea más susceptible a tener este perfil lipídico anormal. Conclusiones: Las anomalías lipídicas que definen la DA tienen una alta prevalencia en AL; la interacción entre el estilo de vida, la herencia, y los cambios epigenéticos posiblemente son su causa. Debido a que se consideran una causa importante de riesgo cardiovascular residual, deben ser diagnosticados y tratados activamente como un objetivo secundario después de alcanzar la meta para el colesterol de lipoproteína de baja densidad (LDL-C). Es importante diseñar un estudio global de los factores de riesgo en nuestra región para hacernos conocer la verdadera prevalencia de la DA y sus causas y ayudarnos en el diseño de políticas públicas adaptadas a nuestra realidad en una escala poblacional e individual.

Buscando precisión en el montaje en articulador / Looking for precision in articulator mounting

Se presenta una técnica de montaje de precisión, de fácil ejecución y al alcance del odontólogo y del técnico de laboratorio, destinada a brindar un mejor resultado clínico de los procedimientos restauradores, tanto protéticos como ortodóncicos

We present a technique for precision assembly, easy to perform and reach for the dentist and lab technician, aimed at providing a better clinical outcome of both prosthetic and orthodontics restorative procedures.

PCR múltiple para la detección simultánea de los genes mecA y pvl en Staphylococcus spp / Multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of mecA and pvl genes in Staphylococcus spp

Este estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transverso tuvo por objetivo estandarizar una PCR múltiple para la detección simultánea de los genes mecA y pvl en Staphylococcus spp. Se emplearon como cepas control: S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 43300 y un aislado de S. aureus portador de los genes mecA y pvl. La extracción de ADN se realizó por el método de ebullición. El límite de detección se estableció por medio de diluciones seriadas de ADN. Se determinó la aplicabilidad de la PCR múltiple testando 41 aislados de S. aureus y 51 Estafilococos coagulasa negativo (ECN) previamente caracterizados por métodos fenotípicos en noviembre del año 2009. Los productos de PCR fueron visualizados por electroforesis en gel de agarosa al 2% previa tinción con bromuro de etidio. Los productos de amplificación de la PCR múltiple presentaron tamaño esperado de 533pb y 433pb para los genes mecA y pvl respectivamente, con límites de detección de hasta 0,5 ng/µL. El gen mecA se detectó en 13 (31,7%) aislados de S. aureus y en 29 (56,7%) ECN. El gen pvl se detectó en 2 (4,9%) S. aureus y no fue detectado en ECN. La presencia del gen mecA tuvo 100% de concordancia con los métodos fenotípicos. Esta técnica es una herramienta útil en la confirmación de cepas de Estafilococos meticilino resistentes e identificación del gen pvl, además de ser relativamente sencilla con la ventaja de detectar ambos genes en una sola reacción

Prevalencia de resistencia primaria en pacientes con infección reciente por VIH-1 en Chile / Prevalence of primary antiretroviral resistance among HIV infected patients in Chile

Background: The main cause of virological failure during AIDS treatment is the resistance to antiretroviral medications (ARV). Aim: To search for mutations associated with ARV resistance in recently HIV-1 infected patients naïve to treatment, in Chile. Material and Methods: Patients over 18 years old with HIV-1 infection, naïve to antiretroviral drugs before the study were included. Patients with CD4 cell counts less than 200 cells/mm³, viral load below 2.000 copies/mL or any condition indicative of advanced AIDS were excluded. Criteria for diagnosis of recent infection (< 18 months) were a previous negative test for HIV antibodies or a history of an acute retroviral syndrome in the past 18 months. Resistance to drugs was analyzed using the TRUGENEtm HIV-1 assay from Bayer and the OpenGene DNA sequencing system. Results: Ninety nine percent of patients had at least one mutation, 27 percent had 4 or more mutations, but high level resistance to ARV was found only in 2.7 percent of cases. Point mutations for non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) were detected in 4.1 percent of cases (K103N in 1 patient, V179D in 2 patients), for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) in 8.1 percent of cases (T215S in 1 patient, V118I in 4 patients, M41L in 1 patient) and for protease inhibitors (PI) in 1.3 percent of cases. All mutations detected in the protease gene were secondary. Of these, the most common were L63P/T (38 patients), L10I/V (27 patients) and V77I (26 patients). Resistance to two or more antiretroviral classes was not detected. Conclusions: This study supports that, by now, primary resistance has a low prevalence in Chile. Therefore, a genotyping test before starting antiretroviral therapy is not necessary.

Hipertiroidismo en niños y adolescentes / Hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents

Background: Hyperthyroidism (HT) prevalence is 0.1/100,000 children and 1/100,000 adolescents and Graves Disease is the most frequent etiology. Objective: To evaluate the clinical presentation, etiology and treatment in hyperthyroid children. Method: Retrospective review of clinical charts of children under 15 years-old, between June 2004 and August 2005. Hyperthyroidism diagnosis was performed with suppressed TSH and increased thyroid hormones levels. Etiological study was done by TRAb, ATPO, ATG, thyroid echotomography and I131 capture. Results: 26 patients were evaluated; 84.6 percent females and age at diagnosis was 9.8 +/- 3,5 years-old (range: 3,8 - 14,5). Goiter was the most frequent clinical sign (96,2 percent), tachicardy and swelling. Etiology: Graves Disease (73 percent),Hashitoxicosis (15,3 percent) and unknown etiology (11,5 percent). Treatment: 88,4 percent began with anti-thyroid drugs (DAT): 78 percent PTU and 22 percent Tiamazol. 62.5 percent became euthyroid after 6 months and 79.1 percent after 12 months. 31.5 percent of GD presented hypothyroidism at 6.3 +/- 4 months of DAT, requiring LT4 substitution. I131 was applied to 4 children (16.6 percent); 3 due to hepatic compromise pre or post PTU use and 1 girl for missing treatment, developing a thyrotoxic torment. Thyroidectomy was done in 2 patients (8.3 percent), both with GD; 1 for giant goiter without DAT response at 19 months and 1 for persistant hyperthyroidism after 25 months of DAT. 92 percent received (3-blockers (Propanolol) for adrenergic symptoms for 5 +/- 4 months. Conclusions: Goiter was the most frequent pediatric HT symptom and Graves disease the main etiology. DAT treatment control HT in 76.9 percent patients and no adverse reactions with I131 were observed. These resUIts promote DAT treatment as first line in HT management, prefering Tiamazol for its better adherence and less adverse reactions. Radioiodide therapy and thyroidectomy are alternatives if treatment fails...

El hipertiroidismo (HT) tiene una prevalencia de 0,1/100 000 en niños y 1/100 000 en adolescentes, siendo la enfermedad de Graves (EG) la etiología más frecuente. Objetivo: Revisar presentación clínica, etiología y manejo de niños con HT. Método: Estudio retrospectivo de fichas clínicas de niños con HT menores de 15 años, evaluados entre Junio/04 y Agosto/05. El diagnóstico de HT se hizo con TSH suprimida y hormonas tiroideas elevadas. El estudio etiológico se realizó en base a anticuerpos TRAb, ATPO, ATG; Ecotomograña tiroidea, y captación de I131. Resultados: Se evaluaron 26 pacientes; 84,6 por ciento fueron mujeres. Edad promedio al diagnóstico fue 9,8 +/- 3,5 años (rango 3,8 a 14,5). La presentación clínica más frecuente fue bocio (96,2 por ciento), seguidos por taquicardia y sudoración. Etiología: Enfermedad de Graves 73 por ciento, Hashitoxicosis 15,3 por ciento y etiología no precisada 11,5 por ciento. Manejo: 88,4 por ciento inician con drogas antitiroideas (DAT); 78 por ciento PTU y 22 por ciento con Tiamazol. 62,5 por ciento se hizo eutiroideo a los 6 meses y 79,1 por ciento a los 12 meses. El 31,5 por ciento de EG presentó hipotiroidismo a los 6,3 +/- 4 meses de uso de DAT, requiriendo sustitución con LT4. El I131 fue indicado a 4 niños (16,6 por ciento): en 3 casos por compromiso hepático importante pre o post uso de PTU y 1 niña por abandono de tratamiento y reingreso con tormenta tiroidea. Tiroidectomía: se indicó a 2 pacientes (8,3 por ciento), ambos con EG; uno por bocio gigante, sin respuesta a DAT después de 19 meses de uso y el otro por persistir hipertiroideo después de 25 meses de uso de DAT. El 92 por ciento recibió (3 bloqueador (propanolol) para manejo de los síntomas adrenérgicos, (5 +/- 4 meses). Discusión y conclusiones: El bocio es el síntoma principal en pediatría. La etiología más frecuente es la Enf de Graves. Las DAT permitieron controlar el HT en 76,9 por ciento de los pacientes, no observamos complicaciones con el uso de I131...

Resistencia a la terapia antirretroviral en pacientes infectados con el virus VIH-1 en Chile 2002-2005 / Resistance to anti-retroviral therapy in Chilean patients with HIV-1 from 2002 to 2005

Background: Resistance limits the effectiveness of anti-retroviral therapy. In Chile, there is free access to highly active anti-retroviral therapy since 2001, but there is no information about the frequency of mutations associated to drug resistance. Aim: To determine the most common mutations associated to anti-retroviral drug resistance in Chile. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study of 710 genotype analysis coming from 568 patients aged 22 to 70 years (85 percent males) with virological failure. The analysis was performed using a commercially available sequencing kit (Trugene HIV-1 genotypic assay from Bayer S.A). Results: Mean CD4+ cell count and viral load were 154 cells/fil and 228784 RNA copies/ml, respectively. The frequency of resistance to nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTI), non nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTI) and protease inhibitors (PI) was 71 percent, 62 percent and 22 percent, respectively. The most common mutations found were T215Y (46 percent), L10F (44 percent), Ml84V (3896), K103N (35 percent) and M41L (32 percent). Fifty five percent of mutations corresponded to the TAM (thymidine analogue mutations) group. Multiresistance was 47 percent to NNRTI, 7 percent to NRTI, 4 percent to PI and 0.7 percent to all groups. During the four years of the study, there was a significant increase in NNRTI resistance. Conclusions: These data provides important information about the epidemiology of drug resistance mutations and should help to design newHAARTstrategies.

Valoración del impacto funcional producido en participantes de taller laboral protegido / Functional impact assessment of participation in los Coihues sheltered workshop

El objetivo principal del estudio es demostrar que el área de desempeño del trabajo tiene una influencia determinante en el quehacer funcional de las personas. Por otra parte es importante poder evaluar y objetivar los logros de los programas de acción dirigidos hacia personas discapacitadas. Para ello se propone el siguiente instrumento de evaluación: la Pauta de Independencia Funcional (PIF) Este instrumento fue aplicado a una población de 14 pacientes que han sufrido un accidente de trabajo y/o trayecto y cuya condición actual es de institucionalización, De estos el 80 por ciento secuelados de TEC y 20 por ciento lesionados medulares que asisten al Taller Laboral Protegido durante un período de 2 años, rango de edad entre 29 y 74 años (promedio 56 años y tiempo de institucionalización de 8 años promedio). La evaluación PIF consideró 5 áreas en su desempeño y habilidades: motora, social, cognitiva, actividades de la vida diaria y laboral. En todas ellas se observaron logros, principalmente en el área social y laboral, siendo facilitadas también las otras áreas. Los pacientes muestran altos niveles de satisfacción personal y beneficios directos en relaciones interpersonales, ánimo. Es importante destacar el sentido de pertenencia al grupo, mayor identidad en roles sociales y un discreto cambio en la expresión verbal y no verbal que manifiesta indicadores volicionales inherentes al ser humano como persona, estos factores se reflejan en la pauta PIF.

The main goal of this study is to demonstrate that maintaining an active work life has a determining impact on people’s functional tasks. We also considered important to objectively assess the benefits of programs developed for disabled adults. We propose the use of the Functional Independence Assessment (FIA) to fulfil these goals. This instrument was administered to 14 inpatients, 80 percent of which had suffered disabling traumatic brain injury, and 20 percent with spinal cord injury, all of whom have had attended the sheltered workshop of Clínica Los Coihues during a two year period. Their ages ranged between 29 and 74 years old, with an average of 56 years, and their average time of hospitalisation was of 8 years. The FIA considers five performance areas and abilities: motor, social, cognitive, activities of daily living, and work. We observed achievements in all of these areas, specially in the social and work aspects, although all areas were facilitated. Patients demonstrated high levels of personal satisfaction as well as direct benefits in their interpersonal relationships and mood. It is important to emphasize a sense of belonging to a group, a greater identity in social roles, and an increase in significant verbal and non verbal expression, which represent volitional indicators that are inherent to the human being as a person. These factors are demonstrated in the FIA.

Association between the polycystic ovary syndrome and the metabolic syndrome in Puerto Rico

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects mostly young women causing chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, hirsutism and obesity with android pattern. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (abnormal glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, hypertension and increased waist circumference) in PCOS is not defined although both have a common etiologic factor: insulin resistance. This retrospective study from medical records examined the presence of obesity and features of the metabolic syndrome in women with PCOS. The metabolic syndrome was defined as presence of two or more of the following signs: abnormal glucose metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL, and hypertension. Thirty nine records of patients with PCOS were reviewed. The mean age was 29.4 years and the body mass index was 36 kg/m2. Hypertriglyceridemia was present in 43, low HDL in 71, hypertension in 36, impaired glucose tolerance in 10and diabetes mellitus type 2 in 37. The metabolic syndrome was identified in 44of sampled women with PCOS. These findings indicate that women with PCOS are at increased risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 at a young age. PCOS patients have higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome than the rest of the population and thus are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease even if they don't develop diabetes mellitus type 2.

Resistencia primaria a terapia antirretroviral en pacientes con infección por VIH/SIDA en Chile / Primary resistance to antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV/AIDS in Chile

Background: Resistance to antiretroviral therapy is a determining factor for therapeutic failure in HIV/AIDS. The prevalence of primary resistance (i.e. in those patients that have not received treatment) varies in different parts of the world. Aim: To study the prevalence of primary resistance to antiretroviral drugs in patients living in Northern Santiago. Patients and methods: Viral load, lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry and genotypic resistance testing were assessed in blood samples from 60 HIV-1 infected patients (mean age 37 years, 54 male). Results: Mean CD4 cell count and viral load was 200 cells/ml and 142,840 RNA copies/ml respectively. Ten mutations were identified: V179D, L10I/V, M361, L63P, A71T/V, Y115F, V118I and K20R. None of these mutations is associated to a high degree of resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleoside analogs (NRTI), non nucleoside analogs (NNRTI) or viral protease inhibitors. Conclusions: This is a first approach to study antiretroviral resistance in Chilean patients. This study must be amplified, since the prevalence of resistance may experience changes with time.

Factors associated with the catastrophic decline of a cloudforest frog fauna in Guatemala

Comparison of recent and historical surveys of frog populations in cloudforest habitat in Sierra de las Minas,Guatemala,indicated population declines and local extirpation of several species.Pathological exams of diseased tadpoles indicated infection by amphibian chytridiomycosis. The local habitat has been severely altered by recent establishment of large-scale leatherleaf fern production.Analysis of water chemistry at our study site suggested increased nitrogenation associated with the leatherleaf industry

Una comparación entre un inventario anterior y otro reciente de poblaciones de ranas de bosque nublado en la Sierra de Las Minas de Guatemala demostró disminuciones poblacionales y ausencia localizada de varias especies.El examen patológico de un renacuajo muerto indicó infección por un hongo quítrido propio de los anfibios.El hábitat local ha sido gravemente alterado por el establecimiento reciente de producción a gran escala de helechos ornamentales.El análisis químico del agua en el área de estudio señaló un aumento en nitrogenación asociado al cultivo de helechos